Once again, I return to retelling an old Celtic legend. As some may guess from the title, it is a Welsh tale. The story is a rarity, in that it is a faery-tale that feels very ancient, yet it also includes an account that goes right to fairly recent history. I have found a few “fun facts” [FFs] related to the story, which serve as footnotes at the end. The story goes as follows:
In the Welsh kingdom of Dyfed, near the village of Llanddensant, there is a peak called Black Mountain that has a little lake near the summit called the Lake of the Little Peak (Llyn y Fan Fach). [FF1]
Close to the village there lived a farmer’s widow with her one surviving son; her husband and all her other sons had died in war. The widow made sure that the son learned only the arts of farming, so as to prevent him from going to war and suffering the same fate as his brothers. With the son’s help, the farm prospered and eventually they had a sizeable herd of cattle.
To prevent over-grazing of their land, the widow used to send their herd to the slopes of Black Mountain, by the shores of Llyn y Fan Fach, in the summers. The son grew to be a strapping young man; it was he who tended to the cattle. One summer evening, while watching over the cattle near the lake, the son heard a sweet female voice sing by the lake. He looked around and saw a beautiful young maiden sitting on a rock at the lake’s edge! Amazed, the son took in all the details of the maiden, from the top of her head down to her dainty slippers with gold threaded laces.
Being raised with good manners, the son offered the maiden barley bread and cheese to eat. But the maiden laughed, and said to him, “Hard-baked is your bread. It is not so easy to catch me!” And she immediately dove into the water. The son waited for her to resurface, but she did not. He found the incident to be very puzzling.
After this encounter with the beautiful “maiden of the lake”, the son lost focus on his work. His mother noticed this change in his behaviour and asked him what had happened. He told her about the mysterious maiden of the lake.
The next day, the son returned to the lake while tending the herd and looked for the maiden, but he searched in vain. As evening settled in, he saw the cattle wander onto a precipitous edge of the lake, so he got up to rescue them – when he saw the same maiden seated on the shore of the lake.
Tongue-tied (as so many young men tend to be in the company of a beautiful woman), the youth offered the lake-maiden the unbaked bread that his mother had given him, deliberately unbaked due to the lake-maiden’s reaction to the hard-baked loaf the previous day. But again, the maiden laughed, and said to him, “Unbaked is your bread. I will not have you!” And once again she dove into the waters and did not re-emerge.
Once he got home, the son told his mother about his second encounter with the mysterious maiden and her rejection of the unbaked loaf of bread. Being clever in the ways of the land, the mother was certain that some kind of enchantment was connected to the mysterious maiden. And, so, she lightly baked a loaf of bread (a ‘middle way’) and gave it to her son to eat the next day.
The following day, the son went back to the lake, but by this time he was so focused on looking for the maiden along the shore of the lake that he paid no attention to his herd. Cattle were again scaling the precipice – but this time they were slipping off the edge and into the lake, and drowning! But he did not even notice it at the time. By the time he realized what was going on, half of his herd had drowned in the deep waters of the little lake. The son was devastated by this loss caused by his foolish inattention. Despite his loss, the lad could not bear to leave the lake without first seeing the beautiful, mysterious maiden.
Evening came, but there was still no sign of the maiden. And then, just before dusk had faded into the blackness of night, he took one last look at the lake, and there he saw a wonderous sight: all of the drowned cattle were well and were swimming to shore! Looking closer in the dim and quickly fading light, he could see that the cattle were being herded out of the water by the maiden.
The son offered the lake-maiden some of the lightly-baked bread to eat and confessed his love to her. This time she took the bread, and said to him, “True-baked is your bread; indeed, I will wed!” However, the maiden stipulated one condition which he must agree to before marrying: that he not be negligent of her, and that if he strikes her three times without cause, she will return to the waters of Llyn y Fan Fach and never return. Naturally, the besotted youth agreed to her condition on the spot.
But then the lake-maiden said another strange thing: that he must first pass a test before they marry – and then she promptly dove into the lake. A moment later, the calm lake surface bubbled furiously and out of it appeared a large, noble-looking spirit with the maiden to his right, as well as a second maiden that looked identical to his left!
The noble-looking spirit said to the youth in a pleasant voice, “Have I been told correctly that you want to marry one of my daughters?”
“You have, sire,” replied the youth. “Unless I do, it is no better for me to live than to die.”
“Very well. I agree to your union with my daughter, but only if you can correctly identify which of these two is the one you are in love with. If you love only the shell of the girl, you will not know which is which, for they are both alike. But to really love someone, you must love beneath the outward appearance.”
The youth looked and looked, but the two maidens were identical in every way! Beads of sweat came on his brow, but he could not choose. The noble-looking spirit asked the youth a second time. And then a third time. But the youth was silent in terror of making the wrong decision.
Then one of the maidens slipped her foot a bit forward out of the water, and he could see that the laces on the slippers were different from the laces he remembered on the feet of the maiden that he loved. He found both his courage and his voice. “This is she,” he said firmly as he reached out a hand towards the girl who had not raised her foot.
The noble spirit of the lake was pleased. “You have chosen correctly,” said he. “Be a kind and faithful husband to her, and I will cause you to thrive. You will have, as a dowry, as many sheep, cattle, goats and horses as my daughter can count without drawing in her breath. But remember, mortal: if you are unkind to her or strike her three times without cause, she shall return to me and she will bring back all her goods with her.”
The couple were married and, endowed with big herds of animals, they took a farm at Esgair Llaethdy, a mile away from the village of Myddfai. There they lived very happily and had three handsome sons.
Then, one day, the family was invited to a baptism. But the maiden of the lake was reluctant to attend. Her husband was puzzled. In his annoyance, the husband tapped her on the shoulder and asked her to hurry up. Immediately, she turned and reminded him of the strict condition of their marriage and that he had struck her for the first time.
On another occasion, a wedding was to be held in Myddfai and the family was invited. But at the wedding, the lake-maiden was inexplicably doleful. In order to cheer her up, the husband jokingly slapped her on the back; instead, she seriously reminded him that he had now struck her twice.
From that time onward, the husband was very careful not to hit the lake-maiden by accident or even in a playful mood.
Years passed by; their sons grew into young men.
Then, one day, the family was invited to a funeral in Myddfai. Amidst the mourning, the lake-maiden was in the gayest of spirits and at a most inappropriate moment, she burst out in laughter. She so shocked her husband that he tapped her sharply on the arm, and said to the lake-maiden, “Hush! It is wrong that you should laugh.”
Turning to her husband, the lake-maiden said, “Mourning at birth, because of the death of the soul in the Otherworld; sadness at a wedding, for it is the start of travail; joy at death, because of the birth of a soul in the Otherworld. Now, the last blow has been struck, and our marriage is at an end!”
The lake-maiden left the funeral and went straight to their farm near Esgair Llaethdy. There she claimed her goats, sheep, cattle and horses – even four oxen who were yoked to a plough followed her, pulling the plough along! – and all the animals followed her across the Myddfai mountains to Llyn y Fan Fach, and into the lake, where they all disappeared under the waves. All that remained was the furrow made by the plough pulled by the oxen. Locals say that the furrow is still visible to this day as testimony to the truth of the event.
The husband followed the lake-maiden to the lake, where he saw her vanish into the waters. Distraught, he kneeled at the shore and apologized for his stupidity and ignorance and cried for her to return to him. Then, in despair, he threw himself into the lake. But the waters of the lake threw him back ashore. He tried twice more; and each time he was repelled back to the shore. And the voice of the noble spirit of the lake spoke to him. The voice said, “You are not worthy to enter here!” The husband did not return home and was never seen again in Myddfai or anywhere else in Cymru.
The three sons missed their mother dearly and never lost hope of seeing her again. For years, they frequently walked to the shore of Llyn y Fan Fach and looked for her, but in vain.
But one day, the eldest son, named Rhiwallon, saw a young maiden at a pass called Mountain Gate, on the side of Black Mountain. The maiden approached him and said, “Rhiwallon, it is your mother.” He wept with joy at the sight of his mother. She told him that he and his two brothers have great work to do in the world.
“What work would that be, mother?”
“You will be a benefactor to the mortals, relieving them from their pain and misery and healing them from their diseases.”
“But, mother, my brothers and I have no knowledge of medicine. How can we do this work?”
The lake-maiden the handed Rhiwallon a bag which contained a great book full of prescriptions for all known ailments. She further said that if they paid strict attention to the book, all three sons, and their descendants, would become great healers for a thousand years. She also promised to visit him and his brothers once more to give them further instructions. She then vanished. [FF2]
The spot where she met Rhiwallon was called Llidiad y Meddygon – The Physicians’ Gate – and it is still known by that name today.
Later, true to her word, the lake-maiden met her three sons at Pant-y-Meddygon (the Hollow of the Physicians), where she showed them many healing plants.
The three brothers grew to become the most skilled healers in all Cymru. In recognition of their great contribution to the health and welfare of the nation, they were given high rank, lands and privileges aplenty.
The fame of the physicians of Myddfai lasted for many generations. The last in line was the physician John Jones, who died in the Year of Our Lord 1739 (less than three centuries ago) – the last male descendant of the Maiden of Llyn y Fan Fach. [FF3]
Maybe I am weird, but every time I read this faery-tale – or even contemplate it – I get goosebumps!
All over the world, traditional cultures have stories to explain how knowledge of medicine came to mankind, and nearly invariably the stories attribute this knowledge to a Divine source. I have read more medicine-origin stories from five continents than I can count; but none of them have matched the poetic beauty of the story of the Maiden of Llyn y Fan Fach.
Much of faery-lore portrays the “fair folk” variously as cunning, sly, deceitful, grudge-bearing, dangerously enchanting, and even harmful or fatal to humans who break the age-old rules and customs of interacting with them. But not all tales portray them this way. This story conveys the message that they possess great practical wisdom that can be extremely beneficial to humans; further, that they can even be extremely generous to humans! – but there are always rules to abide by and whenever (it never seems to be “if”, does it?) the human breaks the rules, the “price” that is paid is high. Regardless of their motivation, the “fair folk” always have the upper hand, and they don’t suffer fools lightly – ever.
But what amazed me the most about this story when I read it for the first time is its close resemblance to one of my most favourite legends – one from far, far away and a long, long time ago. I’ll tell that legend next week; no spoilers!
Fun fact #1: Llyn y Fan Fach is a real lake, located in the Brecon Beacons National Park. It is approximately 10 hectares in size, situated on the northern margin of the Black Mountain in Carmarthenshire, South Wales. The lake lies at an altitude of approximately 1,660 feet, immediately to the north of the ridge of the Carmarthen Fans.
Fun fact #2: A collection of treatises on humours, medicinal herbs, and similar topics in the typical medieval European tradition attributed to Rhiwallon was included in the Red Book of Hergest, a 14th-century manuscript collection, under the title Meddygon Myddfai. A second manuscript of herbal remedies attributed to Rhiwallon's family, which was brought to light in the early 19th century, was said to have been copied from one in the possession of John Jones, the last male descendant of Rhiwallon.
Fun fact #3: David Jones of Mothvey [Myddfai], surgeon (d.1719) and his eldest son John Jones, surgeon (d.1739) are both commemorated on a gravestone located in the porch of St Michaels, Myddfai. They have been identified by local folklore as the last two members of the family of physicians in the direct male line from the Maiden of Llyn y Fan Fach.